[...] We study 4.8 million U.S. patents and 32 million research articles to determine the minimum citation distance between patented inventions and prior scientific advances. We find that most cited research articles (80%) link forward to a future patent. Similarly, most patents (61%) link backward to a prior research article. Linked papers and patents typically stand 2 to 4 degrees distant from the other domain.
[...] A majority of patents—60.5%—made references that could ultimately be traced to science and engineering papers.
[...] Fully 57% of university-assigned patents
[...] This time period is the difference between the patent's application year and the paper's publication year. At the boundary, where , there was a mean delay of 6.66 years. By , the mean delay was 19.62 years for papers and 22.70 years for patents
[...] We next considered the institutional "hand-off" across the boundary where Embedded Image. For Embedded Imagepatents, 78% were assigned to firms, yet 80% of Embedded Imagepapers had university authors
[...] The prevalence of hand-offs from university papers to business patents is consistent with long-standing conceptions that consider university outputs as public goods upon which marketplace invention can draw (1).
[...] the European Policy for Intellectual Property Association
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6351/583?ijkey=f001872c3f6aa235632934c487457ecdc2e98019&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
[...] A majority of patents—60.5%—made references that could ultimately be traced to science and engineering papers.
[...] Fully 57% of university-assigned patents
[...] This time period is the difference between the patent's application year and the paper's publication year. At the boundary, where , there was a mean delay of 6.66 years. By , the mean delay was 19.62 years for papers and 22.70 years for patents
[...] We next considered the institutional "hand-off" across the boundary where Embedded Image. For Embedded Imagepatents, 78% were assigned to firms, yet 80% of Embedded Imagepapers had university authors
[...] The prevalence of hand-offs from university papers to business patents is consistent with long-standing conceptions that consider university outputs as public goods upon which marketplace invention can draw (1).
[...] the European Policy for Intellectual Property Association
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6351/583?ijkey=f001872c3f6aa235632934c487457ecdc2e98019&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
